Exelon

Italy
Brand name Exelon
Form capsules, hard gelatin
Active substance / Dosage
Prescription type Restricted prescription – dispensable on hospital or specialist prescription
ATC code
Registration number 034078
Exelon capsules, hard gelatin

Package leaflet: Information for the user

Exelon 1.5 mg hard capsules, 3.0 mg hard capsules, 4.5 mg hard capsules, 6.0 mg hard capsules

rivastigmine
Please read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you.

  • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
  • If you have any questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse.
  • This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not give it to others, even if their symptoms are the same as yours, as it may be harmful.
  • If you experience any side effects, including those not listed in this leaflet, tell your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. See section 4.

What is in this leaflet

  1. What Exelon is and what it is used for
  2. What you need to know before taking Exelon
  3. How to take Exelon
  4. Possible side effects
  5. How to store Exelon
  6. Contents of the pack and other information

1. What is Exelon and what is it used for

Exelon contains the active substance rivastigmine.
Rivastigmine belongs to a class of substances known as cholinesterase inhibitors. In patients
with Alzheimer's dementia or dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, certain brain
cells die, resulting in low levels of acetylcholine (a substance that enables nerve cells to
communicate with each other). Rivastigmine works by inhibiting the enzymes that break down acetylcholine:
acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. By inhibiting these enzymes, Exelon increases
the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, thereby improving the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease or
dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.
Exelon is used to treat adult patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia, a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that gradually affects memory, learning ability, and behaviour. The hard capsules and oral solution are also used for the treatment of dementia in adult patients with Parkinson's disease.

2. What you need to know before taking Exelon

Do not take Exelon

  • if you are allergic to rivastigmine (the active substance in Exelon) or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
  • if you have previously experienced a skin reaction extending beyond the area where the patch was applied, or if you had a more severe local reaction (such as blisters, increased skin inflammation, swelling) that did not improve within 48 hours after removing the patch. If this applies to you, inform your doctor and do not take Exelon.

Warnings and precautions
Talk to your doctor before taking Exelon:

  • if you have or have ever had a heart condition such as irregular or slow heartbeat, QTc interval prolongation, family history of QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, or if you have low levels of potassium or magnesium in your blood.
  • if you have or have ever had an active stomach ulcer.
  • if you have or have ever had difficulty urinating.
  • if you have or have ever had seizures (epileptic fits).
  • if you have or have ever had asthma or severe respiratory disorders.
  • if you have or have ever had impaired kidney function.
  • if you have or have ever had impaired liver function.
  • if you suffer from tremors.
  • if you are underweight.
  • if you experience gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If vomiting and diarrhea are persistent, you may become dehydrated (excessive loss of fluids). If any of these situations apply to you, your doctor may monitor you more frequently during treatment with this medicine.

If you have not taken Exelon for more than three days, consult your doctor before restarting treatment.
Children and adolescents
There is no established indication for the specific use of Exelon in the pediatric population for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Other medicines and Exelon
Inform your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken, or might take any other medicines.
Exelon must not be administered together with other medicines that have similar effects. Exelon may interfere with anticholinergic medicines (medicines used to relieve stomach cramps or spasms, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, or to prevent motion sickness).
Exelon must not be taken at the same time as metoclopramide (a medicine used to relieve or prevent nausea and vomiting). Taking both medicines together may cause symptoms such as stiffness of the limbs and hand tremors.
If you are undergoing surgery and are being treated with Exelon, inform your doctor before receiving anesthesia, as Exelon may enhance the effects of certain muscle relaxants during anesthesia.
Caution is recommended when Exelon is taken together with beta-blockers (medicines such as atenolol, used to treat hypertension, angina, and other heart conditions). Taking both medicines together may cause symptoms such as slowing of the heartbeat (bradycardia), which may lead to fainting or loss of consciousness.
Caution is also recommended when Exelon is taken together with other medicines that may affect heart rhythm or the heart's electrical system (QT interval prolongation).
Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility
If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding, consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking this medicine.
If you are pregnant, the benefits of using Exelon must be weighed against the possible risks to the unborn child. Exelon should not be used during pregnancy unless strictly necessary.
You must not breastfeed while being treated with Exelon.
Driving and using machines
Your doctor will advise you whether your condition allows you to drive or operate machinery safely. Exelon may cause dizziness and drowsiness, especially at the beginning of treatment or when the dose is increased. If you feel dizzy or drowsy, do not drive, do not use machines, and avoid any other activity requiring alertness.

3. How to take Exelon

Take this medicine exactly as directed by your doctor. If you have any doubts, consult your
doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
Starting treatment
Your doctor will tell you what dose of Exelon to take.

  • Treatment usually starts with a low dose.
  • Your doctor will gradually increase the dose based on your response to treatment.
  • The highest dose that can be taken is 6.0 mg twice daily.

Your doctor will regularly check whether the medicine is working. Your doctor will also monitor
your weight while you are taking this medicine.
If you have not taken Exelon for more than three days, consult your doctor before restarting treatment.
Taking the medicine

  • Inform the person caring for you that you are being treated with Exelon.
  • To benefit from treatment, take the medicine every day.
  • Take Exelon twice daily, in the morning and in the evening, with food.
  • Swallow the capsules whole with a drink.
  • Do not open or break the capsules.

If you take more Exelon than you should
If you accidentally take more Exelon than you should, inform your doctor. You may require
medical treatment. Some people who accidentally took too much Exelon experienced nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea, high blood pressure, and hallucinations. Slowing of the heartbeat and fainting may also occur.
If you forget to take Exelon
If you realize you have forgotten to take a dose of Exelon, wait and take the next dose at the
scheduled time. Do not take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
If you have any questions about the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them.
Side effects may be more common when you start taking the medicine or when the dose is increased.
Generally, side effects will gradually disappear as your body gets used to the medicine.

Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)

  • Dizziness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Stomach disturbances such as nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Anxiety
  • Sweating
  • Headache
  • Heartburn
  • Weight loss
  • Stomach ache
  • Restlessness
  • Feeling tired or weak
  • General feeling of being unwell
  • Tremors or confusion
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nightmares
  • Drowsiness

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Depression
  • Sleep disorders
  • Fainting or accidental falls
  • Changes in liver function

Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)

  • Chest pain
  • Rash, itching
  • Seizures (epileptic fits)
  • Stomach or intestinal ulcer

Very rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people)

  • High blood pressure
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • Heart rhythm disorders, such as fast or slow heartbeat
  • Bleeding in the intestine – may present as blood in the stool or vomit
  • Inflammation of the pancreas – may present as severe pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting
  • Worsening of Parkinson’s disease symptoms or development of similar symptoms – such as muscle stiffness, difficulty in moving

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Severe vomiting which may lead to rupture of the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach (oesophagus)
  • Dehydration (excessive loss of body fluids)
  • Liver problems (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, unusually dark urine, or unexplained nausea, vomiting, tiredness and loss of appetite)
  • Aggression, restlessness
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Pisa syndrome (a condition involving involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal bending of the body and head to one side)

Patients with dementia and Parkinson’s disease
These patients more frequently experience certain side effects. They may also experience additional side effects:
Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)

  • Tremors
  • Accidental falls

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Anxiety
  • Restlessness
  • Slow and fast heartbeat
  • Sleep disorders
  • Excessive salivation and dehydration
  • Unusual slowing of movements or uncontrollable movements
  • Worsening of Parkinson’s disease symptoms or development of similar symptoms – such as muscle stiffness, difficulty in moving and muscle weakness
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • Depression
  • High blood pressure

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Irregular heartbeat and poor movement control
  • Low blood pressure

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Pisa syndrome (a condition involving involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal bending of the body and head to one side)
  • Rash

Other side effects observed with Exelon transdermal patches and which may also occur with the capsules:
Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Fever
  • Severe confusion
  • Urinary incontinence (inability to properly retain urine)

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Hyperactivity (high level of activity, restlessness)

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Allergic reactions at the patch application site, such as blisters or skin inflammation
    If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your doctor, as you may require medical assistance.

Reporting of side effects
If you get any side effects, including those not listed in this leaflet, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in Annex V.
By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

5. How to store Exelon

  • Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.
  • Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the carton after Exp.. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
  • Do not store above 30°C.
  • Do not dispose of any medicine via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. This will help protect the environment.

6. Package contents and other information

What Exelon contains

  • The active substance is rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate.
  • The other ingredients are hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, precipitated silica, gelatin, yellow iron oxide (E172), red iron oxide (E172), titanium dioxide (E171) and shellac.

Each Exelon 1.5 mg capsule contains 1.5 mg of rivastigmine.
Each Exelon 3.0 mg capsule contains 3.0 mg of rivastigmine.
Each Exelon 4.5 mg capsule contains 4.5 mg of rivastigmine.
Each Exelon 6.0 mg capsule contains 6.0 mg of rivastigmine.

Description of the appearance of Exelon and contents of the pack

  • Exelon 1.5 mg hard capsules, containing a powder from almost white to slightly yellow, with a yellow cap and yellow body, and red print “EXELON 1.5 mg” on the body.
  • Exelon 3.0 mg hard capsules, containing a powder from almost white to slightly yellow, with an orange cap and orange body, and red print “EXELON 3 mg” on the body.
  • Exelon 4.5 mg hard capsules, containing a powder from almost white to slightly yellow, with a red cap and red body, and white print “EXELON 4.5 mg” on the body.
  • Exelon 6.0 mg hard capsules, containing a powder from almost white to slightly yellow, with a red cap and orange body, and red print “EXELON 6 mg” on the body.

Exelon hard capsules are packed in blisters available in three different cartons (28, 56 or 112 capsules), although not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Marketing Authorization Holder
Novartis Europharm Limited
Vista Building
Elm Park, Merrion Road
Dublin 4
Ireland

Manufacturer
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A.
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 764
08013 Barcelona
Spain

Novartis Pharma GmbH
Roonstraße 25
D-90429 Nuremberg
Germany

Novartis Pharma GmbH
Sophie-Germain-Strasse 10
90443 Nuremberg
Germany

For further information about this medicinal product, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorization Holder:

België/Belgique/Belgien Lietuva
Novartis Pharma N.V. SIA Novartis Baltics Lietuvos filialas
Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11 Tel: +370 5 269 16 50

България Luxembourg/Luxemburg
Novartis Bulgaria EOOD Novartis Pharma N.V.
Тел: +359 2 489 98 28 Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11

Česká republika Magyarország
Novartis s.r.o. Novartis Hungária Kft.
Tel: +420 225 775 111 Tel.: +36 1 457 65 00

Danmark Malta
Novartis Healthcare A/S Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tlf: +45 39 16 84 00 Tel: +356 2122 2872

Deutschland Nederland
Novartis Pharma GmbH Novartis Pharma B.V.
Tel: +49 911 273 0 Tel: +31 88 04 52 111

Eesti Norge
SIA Novartis Baltics Eesti filiaal Novartis Norge AS
Tel: +372 66 30 810 Tlf: +47 23 05 20 00

Ελλάδα Österreich
Novartis (Hellas) A.E.B.E. Novartis Pharma GmbH
Τηλ: +30 210 281 17 12 Tel: +43 1 86 6570

España Polska
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A. Novartis Poland Sp. z o.o.
Tel: +34 93 306 42 00 Tel.: +48 22 375 4888

France Portugal
Novartis Pharma S.A.S. Novartis Farma - Produtos Farmacêuticos, S.A.
Tél: +33 1 55 47 66 00 Tel: +351 21 000 8600

Hrvatska România
Novartis Hrvatska d.o.o. Novartis Pharma Services Romania SRL
Tel. +385 1 6274 220 Tel: +40 21 31299 01

Ireland Slovenija
Novartis Ireland Limited Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tel: +353 1 260 12 55 Tel: +386 1 300 75 50

Ísland Slovenská republika
Vistor hf. Novartis Slovakia s.r.o.
Sími: +354 535 7000 Tel: +421 2 5542 5439

Italia Suomi/Finland
Novartis Farma S.p.A. Novartis Finland Oy
Tel: +39 02 96 54 1 Puh/Tel: +358 (0)10 6133 200

Κύπρος Sverige
Novartis Pharma Services Inc. Novartis Sverige AB
Τηλ: +357 22 690 690 Tel: +46 8 732 32 00

Latvija
SIA Novartis Baltics
Tel: +371 67 887 070

Other sources of information
More detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency, http://www.ema.europa.eu/

Package leaflet: information for the user

Exelon 2 mg/ml oral solution

rivastigmine
Please read this entire leaflet carefully before taking this medicine because it contains important information for you.

  • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
  • If you have any questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
  • This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not give it to other people, even if they have the same symptoms as you, because it could be harmful.
  • If you experience any side effect, including those not listed in this leaflet, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse. See section 4.

Contents of this leaflet

  1. What Exelon is and what it is used for
  2. What you need to know before taking Exelon
  3. How to take Exelon
  4. Possible side effects
  5. How to store Exelon
  6. Contents of the pack and other information

1. What Exelon is and what it is used for

Exelon contains the active substance rivastigmine.
Rivastigmine belongs to a class of substances known as cholinesterase inhibitors. In patients
with Alzheimer's dementia or dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, certain brain
cells die, resulting in low levels of acetylcholine (a substance that enables nerve cells to
communicate with each other). Rivastigmine works by inhibiting the enzymes that break down acetylcholine:
acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. By inhibiting these enzymes, Exelon increases
acetylcholine levels in the brain, thereby improving the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease or
Parkinson's disease dementia.
Exelon is used to treat adult patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia, a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that gradually affects memory, learning ability, and behaviour. The hard capsules and oral solution are also used to treat dementia in adult patients with Parkinson's disease.

2. What you need to know before taking Exelon

Do not take Exelon

  • if you are allergic to rivastigmine (the active substance in Exelon) or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
  • if you have experienced a skin reaction that spread beyond the area where the patch was applied, or if you had a more intense local reaction (such as blisters, increased skin inflammation, swelling) that did not improve within 48 hours after removing the patch. If this applies to you, inform your doctor and do not take Exelon.

Warnings and precautions
Talk to your doctor before taking Exelon:

  • if you have or have ever had a heart condition such as irregular or slow heartbeat,
    prolongation of the QTc interval, a family history of QTc prolongation,
    torsade de pointes, or if you have low levels of potassium or magnesium in your blood.
  • if you have or have ever had an active stomach ulcer.
  • if you have or have ever had difficulty urinating.
  • if you have or have ever had seizures (epileptic fits).
  • if you have or have ever had asthma or severe respiratory disorders.
  • if you have or have ever had impaired kidney function.
  • if you have or have ever had impaired liver function.
  • if you suffer from tremors.
  • if you have a low body weight.
  • if you experience gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If vomiting and diarrhea are persistent, you may become dehydrated (excessive loss of fluids). If any of these apply to you, your doctor may need to monitor you more frequently during treatment with this medicine.

If you have not taken Exelon for more than three days, consult your doctor before restarting treatment.
Children and adolescents
There is no indication for the use of Exelon in the pediatric population for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Other medicines and Exelon
Inform your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken, or might take any other medicines.
Exelon must not be taken together with other medicines that have similar effects. Exelon may interfere with anticholinergic medicines (medicines used to relieve stomach cramps or spasms, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, or to prevent motion sickness).
Exelon must not be taken at the same time as metoclopramide (a medicine used to relieve or prevent nausea and vomiting). Taking both medicines together may cause side effects such as stiffness of the limbs and hand tremors.
If you are scheduled for surgery and are being treated with Exelon, inform your doctor before receiving anesthesia, as Exelon may enhance the effects of certain muscle relaxants during anesthesia.
Caution is recommended when Exelon is taken together with beta-blockers (medicines such as atenolol, used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and other heart conditions). Taking both medicines together may cause side effects such as slowing of the heartbeat (bradycardia), which may lead to fainting or loss of consciousness.
Caution is also recommended when Exelon is taken together with other medicines that may affect heart rhythm or the heart's electrical system (prolongation of the QT interval).
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and fertility
If you are pregnant, think you might be pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding, consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking this medicine.
During pregnancy, the benefits of using Exelon must be weighed against the possible risks to the unborn child. Exelon must not be used during pregnancy unless strictly necessary.
You must not breastfeed while being treated with Exelon.
Driving and using machines
Your doctor will advise you whether your condition allows you to drive or operate machinery safely. Exelon may cause dizziness and drowsiness, especially at the beginning of treatment or when the dose is increased. If you feel dizzy or drowsy, do not drive, operate machinery, or perform any activity requiring alertness.
Exelon contains sodium benzoate (E211) and sodium
One of the inactive ingredients in Exelon oral solution is sodium benzoate (E211). Benzoic acid is mildly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. This medicine contains 3 mg of sodium benzoate (E211) per 3 ml of oral solution.
This medicine contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) of sodium per ml, i.e., essentially 'sodium-free'.

3. How to take Exelon

Take this medicine exactly as your doctor has instructed. If you have any doubts, consult your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
Starting treatment
Your doctor will tell you what dose of Exelon to take.

  • Treatment usually starts with a low dose.
  • Your doctor will slowly increase the dose based on your response to treatment.
  • The highest dose that can be taken is 6.0 mg twice daily.

Your doctor will regularly check whether the medicine is working. Your doctor will also monitor your weight while you are taking this medicine.
If you have not taken Exelon for more than three days, consult your doctor before restarting treatment.
Taking the medicine

  • Inform the person caring for you that you are being treated with Exelon.
  • To benefit from treatment, take the medicine every day.
  • Take Exelon twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, with food.

How to use this medicine

Medical diagram showing a syringe next to a vial, with an arrow indicating the rotation of the cap and the
  1. Preparing the vial and syringe
    • Remove the syringe from the protective tube.
    • To open the vial, press down and twist the safety cap to remove it.
  2. Inserting the syringe into the vial
    • Push the tip of the syringe into the hole in the white seal.
Technical drawing showing a hand removing a syringe from a vial and two illustrations of syringes with arrows indicating movement
  1. Filling the syringe
    • Pull back the plunger to the mark corresponding to the dose prescribed by your doctor.
  2. Removing air bubbles
    • Push and pull the plunger several times to remove any large air bubbles.
    • A few small bubbles are not a concern and will not affect the correct dosage in any way.
    • Check that the dose is still correct.
    • Then remove the syringe from the vial.
Technical drawing showing a hand inserting a needle with syringe into tissue and a syringe next to an open medicine vial
  1. Taking the medicine
    • Drink the medicine directly from the syringe.
    • Alternatively, you may mix the medicine in a glass with a small amount of water. Stir and drink all the mixture.
  2. After using the syringe
    • Wipe the outside of the syringe with a clean paper towel.
    • Then return the syringe to the protective tube.
    • Replace the safety cap on the vial to close it.

If you take more Exelon than you should
If you accidentally take more Exelon than prescribed, inform your doctor. You may need medical treatment. Some people who accidentally took too much Exelon experienced nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, high blood pressure, and hallucinations. Slowing of the heartbeat and fainting may also occur.
If you forget to take Exelon
If you realize you have missed a dose of Exelon, wait and take the next dose at the scheduled time. Do not take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
If you have any questions about the use of this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
Side effects may be more common when you first start taking the medicine or when the dose is increased. Generally, side effects will gradually disappear as your body gets used to the medicine.

Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)

  • Dizziness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Stomach disturbances such as nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Anxiety
  • Sweating
  • Headache
  • Heartburn
  • Weight loss
  • Stomach ache
  • Feeling restless
  • Feeling tired or weak
  • General feeling of being unwell
  • Tremors or feeling confused
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nightmares
  • Drowsiness

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Depression
  • Sleep disorders
  • Fainting or accidental falls
  • Changes in liver function

Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)

  • Chest pain
  • Rash, itching
  • Seizures (epileptic fits)
  • Stomach or intestinal ulcer

Very rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people)

  • High blood pressure
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • Heart rhythm disorders, such as fast or slow heartbeat
  • Bleeding in the intestine – may present as blood in the stool or vomit
  • Inflammation of the pancreas – may present as severe pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting
  • Worsening of Parkinson’s disease symptoms or development of similar symptoms – such as muscle stiffness, difficulty in performing movements

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Severe vomiting which may lead to rupture of the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach (oesophagus)
  • Dehydration (excessive loss of fluids)
  • Liver problems (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, abnormally dark urine, or unexplained nausea, vomiting, tiredness and loss of appetite)
  • Aggression, feeling restless
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Pisa syndrome (a condition involving involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal bending of the body and head to one side)

Patients with dementia and Parkinson’s disease
These patients more frequently experience certain side effects. They may also experience additional side effects:

Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)

  • Tremors
  • Accidental falls

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Anxiety
  • Feeling restless
  • Slow and fast heartbeat
  • Sleep disorders
  • Excessive salivation and dehydration
  • Unusual slowing of movements or uncontrollable movements
  • Worsening of Parkinson’s disease symptoms or development of similar symptoms – such as muscle stiffness, difficulty in performing movements and muscle weakness
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • Depression
  • High blood pressure

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Irregular heartbeat and poor control of movements
  • Low blood pressure

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Pisa syndrome (a condition involving involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal bending of the body and head to one side)
  • Rash

Other side effects observed with Exelon transdermal patches and which may also occur with the oral solution:

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Fever
  • Severe confusion
  • Urinary incontinence (inability to adequately retain urine)

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Hyperactivity (high level of activity, restlessness)

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Allergic reactions at the patch application site, such as blisters or skin inflammation

If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your doctor, as you may require medical assistance.

Reporting of side effects
If you get any side effects, including those not listed in this leaflet, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse. You can also report side effects directly through the national reporting system referred to in Annex V. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

5. How to store Exelon

  • Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.
  • Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the carton after Exp. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
  • Do not store above 30°C. Do not refrigerate or freeze.
  • Store in an upright position.
  • Use Exelon oral solution within 1 month after opening the bottle.
  • Do not dispose of medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. This will help protect the environment.

6. Pack contents and other information

What Exelon contains

  • The active substance is rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate. Each ml contains an amount of rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate equivalent to 2.0 mg of rivastigmine base.
  • The other components are sodium benzoate (E211), citric acid, sodium citrate, quinoline yellow dye (E104), and purified water.

Description of the appearance of Exelon and pack contents
Exelon oral solution is available in amber glass bottles with a child-resistant cap, seal, dip tube, and self-aligning piston, containing 50 ml or 120 ml of a yellow, clear solution. The oral solution is supplied with an oral dosing syringe contained in a plastic tube.

Marketing Authorization Holder
Novartis Europharm Limited
Vista Building
Elm Park, Merrion Road
Dublin 4
Ireland

Manufacturers
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A.
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 764
08013 Barcelona
Spain

Novartis Pharma GmbH
Roonstraße 25
D-90429 Nuremberg
Germany

Novartis Pharma GmbH
Sophie-Germain-Strasse 10
90443 Nuremberg
Germany

For further information about this medicinal product, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorization Holder:

België/Belgique/Belgien Lietuva
Novartis Pharma N.V. SIA Novartis Baltics Lietuvos filialas
Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11 Tel: +370 5 269 16 50

България Luxembourg/Luxemburg
Novartis Bulgaria EOOD Novartis Pharma N.V.
Тел: +359 2 489 98 28 Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11

Česká republika Magyarország
Novartis s.r.o. Novartis Hungária Kft.
Tel: +420 225 775 111 Tel.: +36 1 457 65 00

Danmark Malta
Novartis Healthcare A/S Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tlf: +45 39 16 84 00 Tel: +356 2122 2872

Deutschland Nederland
Novartis Pharma GmbH Novartis Pharma B.V.
Tel: +49 911 273 0 Tel: +31 88 04 52 111

Eesti Norge
SIA Novartis Baltics Eesti filiaal Novartis Norge AS
Tel: +372 66 30 810 Tlf: +47 23 05 20 00

Ελλάδα Österreich
Novartis (Hellas) A.E.B.E. Novartis Pharma GmbH
Τηλ: +30 210 281 17 12 Tel: +43 1 86 6570

España Polska
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A. Novartis Poland Sp. z o.o.
Tel: +34 93 306 42 00 Tel.: +48 22 375 4888

France Portugal
Novartis Pharma S.A.S. Novartis Farma - Produtos Farmacêuticos, S.A.
Tél: +33 1 55 47 66 00 Tel: +351 21 000 8600

Hrvatska România
Novartis Hrvatska d.o.o. Novartis Pharma Services Romania SRL
Tel. +385 1 6274 220 Tel: +40 21 31299 01

Ireland Slovenija
Novartis Ireland Limited Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tel: +353 1 260 12 55 Tel: +386 1 300 75 50

Ísland Slovenská republika
Vistor hf. Novartis Slovakia s.r.o.
Sími: +354 535 7000 Tel: +421 2 5542 5439

Italia Suomi/Finland
Novartis Farma S.p.A. Novartis Finland Oy
Tel: +39 02 96 54 1 Puh/Tel: +358 (0)10 6133 200

Κύπρος Sverige
Novartis Pharma Services Inc. Novartis Sverige AB
Τηλ: +357 22 690 690 Tel: +46 8 732 32 00

Latvija
SIA Novartis Baltics
Tel: +371 67 887 070

Additional sources of information
More detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency, http://www.ema.europa.eu/

Package leaflet: Information for the user

Exelon 4.6 mg/24 hours transdermal patch, 9.5 mg/24 hours transdermal patch, 13.3 mg/24 hours transdermal patch

rivastigmine
Please read this leaflet carefully before using this medicine, because it contains important information for you.

  • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.
  • If you have any questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
  • This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not give it to others, even if their symptoms are the same as yours, as it could be harmful.
  • If you experience any side effects, including those not listed in this leaflet, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse. See section 4.

Contents of this leaflet

  1. What Exelon is and what it is used for
  2. What you need to know before using Exelon
  3. How to use Exelon
  4. Possible side effects
  5. How to store Exelon
  6. Contents of the pack and other information

1. What Exelon is and what it is used for

Exelon contains the active substance rivastigmine.
Rivastigmine belongs to a group of substances known as cholinesterase inhibitors. In patients
with Alzheimer's dementia, certain brain cells die, resulting in low levels of
acetylcholine (a substance that enables nerve cells to communicate with each other). Rivastigmine
works by inhibiting the enzymes that break down acetylcholine: acetylcholinesterase and
butyrylcholinesterase. By inhibiting these enzymes, Exelon increases acetylcholine levels in the brain,
thereby improving the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
Exelon is used to treat adult patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia, a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that gradually affects memory, learning ability, and behaviour.

2. What you need to know before using Exelon

Do not use Exelon

  • if you are allergic to rivastigmine (the active substance in Exelon) or to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
  • if you have previously had an allergic reaction to medicines of a similar type (carbamate derivatives).
  • if, when using the patch, you have experienced a skin reaction extending beyond the area where the patch was applied, or if you have had a more severe local reaction (such as blisters, increased skin inflammation, swelling) that did not improve within 48 hours after removing the patch. If this applies to you, inform your doctor and do not apply Exelon transdermal patches.

Warnings and precautions
Talk to your doctor before using Exelon:

  • if you have or have ever had a heart condition such as irregular or slow heartbeat, QTc interval prolongation, family history of QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, or if you have low levels of potassium or magnesium in your blood.
  • if you have or have ever had an active stomach ulcer.
  • if you have or have ever had difficulty urinating.
  • if you have or have ever had seizures (epileptic fits).
  • if you have or have ever had asthma or severe respiratory disorders.
  • if you suffer from tremors.
  • if you have a low body weight.
  • if you experience gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If vomiting and diarrhea are persistent, you may become dehydrated (excessive loss of fluids).
  • if you have impaired liver function. If any of these conditions apply to you, your doctor may examine you more frequently during treatment with this medicine.

If you have not applied a patch for more than three days, consult your doctor before applying the next one.

Children and adolescents
There is no indication for the specific use of Exelon in the pediatric population for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Other medicines and Exelon
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken, or might take any other medicines.
Exelon should not be administered together with other medicines that have similar effects. Exelon may interfere with anticholinergic medicines (medicines used to relieve stomach cramps or spasms, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, or to prevent motion sickness).
Exelon patch should not be administered at the same time as metoclopramide (a medicine used to relieve or prevent nausea and vomiting). Taking these two medicines together may cause side effects such as stiffness of the limbs and hand tremors.
If you are undergoing surgery and are being treated with Exelon, inform your doctor before receiving anesthesia, as Exelon may increase the effects of certain muscle relaxants during anesthesia.
Caution is recommended when Exelon patch is taken together with beta-blockers (medicines such as atenolol, used to treat hypertension, angina, and other heart conditions). Taking both medicines together may cause side effects such as slowing of the heartbeat (bradycardia), which may lead to fainting or loss of consciousness.
Caution is also recommended when Exelon is taken together with other medicines that may affect heart rhythm or the heart's electrical system (prolongation of the QT interval).

Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and fertility
If you are pregnant, think you might be pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine.
If you are pregnant, the benefits of using Exelon must be weighed against the possible risks to the unborn child. Exelon should not be used during pregnancy unless strictly necessary.
You must not breastfeed while being treated with Exelon transdermal patches.

Driving and using machines
Your doctor will advise you whether your condition allows you to drive or operate machinery safely. Exelon transdermal patches may cause fainting or severe confusion. If you feel faint or confused, do not drive, do not use machinery, and do not carry out any other activity requiring alertness.

3. How to use Exelon

Use Exelon transdermal patches exactly as prescribed by your doctor. If you have any doubts, consult your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse.
IMPORTANT:

  • Remove the previous day’s patch before applying a NEW one.
  • One patch only per day.
  • Do not cut the patch into pieces.
  • Press firmly on the patch with the palm of your hand for at least 30 seconds.

Starting treatment
Your doctor will determine which Exelon transdermal patch is most suitable for you.

  • Treatment usually starts with Exelon 4.6 mg/24 hours.
  • The usual recommended daily dose is Exelon 9.5 mg/24 hours. If well tolerated, your doctor may consider increasing the dose to 13.3 mg/24 hours.
  • Apply only one Exelon patch at a time and replace it with a new one every 24 hours. During treatment, your doctor may adjust the dose according to your individual needs.

If you have not applied a patch for more than three days, do not apply the next one without first consulting your doctor. Treatment with transdermal patches may be resumed at the same dose if therapy has been interrupted for no more than 3 days; otherwise, your doctor will restart treatment with Exelon 4.6 mg/24 hours.
Exelon may be used while consuming food, drinks, or alcohol.

Where to apply the Exelon transdermal patch

  • Before applying a patch, ensure the skin is clean, dry, and free of hair, powders, oils, moisturizers, or lotions, as these may prevent proper adhesion of the patch. The skin should also be free of cuts, rashes, and/or irritation.
  • Carefully remove any existing patch before applying a new one. Having multiple patches on the skin could expose you to excessive amounts of the medication, which could be potentially dangerous.
  • Apply ONE patch per day to ONE of the following sites shown in the figures below:
    • upper left arm or upper right arm
    • upper left chest or upper right chest (avoid breast area)
    • upper left back or upper right back
    • lower left back or lower right back

Every 24 hours, remove the previous patch before applying a NEW ONE to ONE of the following possible sites.
Upper left or right arm Left or right side of the chest

Schematic diagrams of human torsos showing injection sites on the arm, chest, upper and lower back, right or left side

Front
Side
O O
Back Back
O O
Upper left or right back Lower left or right back

When changing the patch, remove the previous day’s patch and apply the new one each time at a different site (for example, right side of the body one day and left side the next, upper body one day and lower body the next). Do not reapply a new patch to the same site until at least 14 days have passed.

How to apply the Exelon transdermal patch
Exelon patches are thin, opaque, plastic patches that adhere to the skin. Each patch is sealed in a protective pouch until ready for use. Do not open the pouch or remove the patch until just before application.

Schematic drawing of a person viewed from the back, with two hands applying a patch to the upper back following a curved arrow

Carefully remove the existing patch before applying a new one.
For patients starting treatment for the first time or resuming treatment after interruption, please follow the instructions below next to the second image.

A hand holding a small square pouch while a pair of scissors cuts along the dotted side edge

Each patch is sealed in its protective pouch.
Open the pouch only when ready to apply the patch.
Cut along the dotted line with scissors and remove the patch from the pouch.

Two hands holding and separating two overlapping transparent sheets containing a dark circle in the center

A protective liner covers the adhesive side of the patch.
Peel off one side of the protective liner and avoid touching the adhesive surface with your fingers.

Two hands applying a circular patch to the upper back of a person viewed from behind

Place the adhesive side of the patch on the upper or lower back, upper arm, or chest, then remove the second side of the protective liner.

Black and white drawing of a person's back with a hand placed on the upper left side and two vertical lines on the spine

Press firmly on the patch with the palm of your hand for at least 30 seconds, ensuring the edges adhere well.
If helpful, you may write on the patch (e.g., the day of the week) using a fine-tip ballpoint pen.
The patch should be worn continuously until it is time to replace it with a new one. If desired, you may try different application sites when applying a new patch to find the most comfortable locations where clothing does not rub against the patch.

How to remove the Exelon transdermal patch
Gently lift one corner of the patch and slowly remove it from the skin. If adhesive residue remains on the skin, gently but thoroughly wet the area with warm water and mild soap, or use baby oil to remove it. Do not use alcohol or other solvents (such as nail polish remover or similar products).
After removing the patch, wash your hands with soap and water. If you come into contact with your eyes or experience eye redness after handling the patch, rinse immediately with plenty of water and consult a doctor if symptoms do not improve.

Can you apply the Exelon transdermal patch while bathing, swimming, or sunbathing?

  • Bathing, swimming, or showering should not interfere with the patch. Ensure the patch does not detach during these activities.
  • Do not expose the patch to external heat sources (e.g., excessive sunlight, sauna, sunbed) for prolonged periods.

What to do if the patch comes off
If the patch detaches, apply a new one to complete the day’s treatment, then replace the patch at the usual time the following day.

When and for how long to apply the Exelon transdermal patch

  • To benefit from treatment, apply a new patch every day, preferably at the same time each day.
  • Apply only one patch at a time and replace it with a new one after 24 hours.

If you use more Exelon than you should
If you accidentally apply more than one patch, remove all patches from the skin and inform your doctor that you have accidentally applied more than one. You may require medical treatment. Some people who have accidentally taken an excessive amount of Exelon have experienced nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, high blood pressure, and hallucinations. Slowing of the heartbeat and fainting may also occur.

If you forget to use Exelon
If you realize you have forgotten to apply a patch, apply a new one immediately. You may apply the next patch the following day at the usual time. Do not apply two patches to make up for the missed one.

If you stop using Exelon
If you discontinue treatment with the patch, inform your doctor or pharmacist.
If you have any questions about the use of this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, Exelon transdermal patches may cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.
Side effects may be more common when starting treatment or when the dose is increased. Generally, side effects will gradually disappear as the body becomes used to the medicine.

Remove the patch and contact your doctor immediately if you notice any of the following side effects becoming severe:

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Loss of appetite
  • Dizziness
  • Feeling agitated
  • Urinary incontinence (inability to adequately control urine)
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Confusion
  • Headache
  • Fainting
  • Stomach problems such as nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea
  • Indigestion
  • Stomach discomfort
  • Skin rash
  • Allergic reactions at the patch application site, such as blisters or skin inflammation
  • Feeling tired or weak
  • Weight loss
  • Fever

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Heart rhythm disorders such as slow heartbeat
  • Stomach ulcer
  • Dehydration (excessive loss of body fluids)
  • Hyperactivity (high level of activity, restlessness)
  • Aggression

Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)

  • Falls

Very rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people)

  • Stiffness in arms or legs and hand tremors

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

  • Worsening of Parkinson’s disease symptoms – such as tremor, stiffness, and shuffling gait
  • Inflammation of the pancreas –表现为 severe pain in the upper stomach, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting
  • Fast or irregular heartbeat
  • High blood pressure
  • Seizures (epileptic fits)
  • Liver problems (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, unusually dark urine, or unexplained nausea, vomiting, tiredness and loss of appetite)
  • Changes in liver function test results
  • Feeling restless
  • Nightmares
  • Pisa syndrome (a condition involving involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal bending of the body and head to one side)
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • Tremors
  • Drowsiness
  • Skin rash, itching
  • Skin redness
  • Blisters

Remove the patch and contact your doctor immediately if you notice any of the side effects listed above.

Other side effects observed with Exelon capsules or oral solution, which may also occur with the patch:

Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)

  • Excessive salivation
  • Feeling restless
  • General feeling of being unwell
  • Tremors
  • Increased sweating

Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)

  • Irregular heartbeat (e.g. fast heartbeat)
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Accidental falls

Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)

  • Seizures (epileptic fits)
  • Intestinal ulcer
  • Chest pain – this may be caused by heart spasm

Very rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people)

  • High blood pressure
  • Inflammation of the pancreas –表现为 severe pain in the upper stomach, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting
  • Bleeding in the intestine –表现为 blood in the stool or vomit
  • Seeing things that are not there (hallucinations)
  • In some people with severe vomiting, rupture of the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach (oesophagus) has occurred

Reporting of side effects
If you experience any side effect, including those not listed in this leaflet, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in Annex V. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

5. How to store Exelon

  • Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.
  • Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the carton and on the sachet after Scad./EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
  • Do not store above 25°C.
  • Keep the transdermal patch in its sachet until ready to use.
  • Do not use the patch if it is damaged or shows signs of tampering.
  • After removing a patch, fold it in half with the adhesive sides together. Return the used patch to its original sachet and dispose of it in such a way that children cannot touch it. Avoid touching your eyes with your fingers and wash your hands thoroughly with water and soap after removing the patch. Do not dispose of any medicine via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines no longer used. This will help protect the environment.

6. Contents of the pack and other information

What Exelon contains

  • The active substance is rivastigmine.
  • Exelon 4.6 mg/24 hours transdermal patches: Each 5 cm patch releases 4.6 mg of rivastigmine over 24 hours and contains 9 mg of rivastigmine.
  • Exelon 9.5 mg/24 hours transdermal patches: Each 10 cm patch releases 9.5 mg of rivastigmine over 24 hours and contains 18 mg of rivastigmine.
  • Exelon 13.3 mg/24 hours transdermal patches: Each 15 cm patch releases 13.3 mg of rivastigmine over 24 hours and contains 27 mg of rivastigmine.
  • The other components are coated polyethylene terephthalate film, alpha-tocopherol, poly(butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate), acrylic copolymer, silicone oil, dimethicone, polyester film, fluoropolymer-coated.

Description of the appearance of Exelon and contents of the pack
Each transdermal patch is thin and consists of three layers. The outer layer is beige and marked with one of the following:

  • “Exelon”, “4.6 mg/24 h” and “AMCX”,
  • “Exelon”, “9.5 mg/24 h” and “BHDI”,
  • “Exelon”, “13.3 mg/24 h” and “CNFU”

Each transdermal patch is sealed in a pouch.
Exelon 4.6 mg/24 hours transdermal patches and Exelon 9.5 mg/24 hours transdermal patches are available in packs containing 7, 30 or 42 pouches and in multiple packs containing 60, 84 or 90 pouches.
Exelon 13.3 mg/24 hours transdermal patches are available in packs containing 7 or 30 pouches and in multiple packs containing 60 or 90 pouches.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Marketing Authorization Holder
Novartis Europharm Limited
Vista Building
Elm Park, Merrion Road
Dublin 4
Ireland

Manufacturer
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A.
Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 764
08013 Barcelona
Spain
Novartis Pharma GmbH
Roonstraße 25
D-90429 Nuremberg
Germany
Novartis Pharma GmbH
Sophie-Germain-Strasse 10
90443 Nuremberg
Germany

For further information on this medicinal product, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorization Holder:

België/Belgique/Belgien Lietuva
Novartis Pharma N.V. SIA Novartis Baltics Lietuvos filialas
Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11 Tel: +370 5 269 16 50

България Luxembourg/Luxemburg
Novartis Bulgaria EOOD Novartis Pharma N.V.
Тел: +359 2 489 98 28 Tél/Tel: +32 2 246 16 11

Česká republika Magyarország
Novartis s.r.o. Novartis Hungária Kft.
Tel: +420 225 775 111 Tel.: +36 1 457 65 00

Danmark Malta
Novartis Healthcare A/S Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tlf: +45 39 16 84 00 Tel: +356 2122 2872

Deutschland Nederland
Novartis Pharma GmbH Novartis Pharma B.V.
Tel: +49 911 273 0 Tel: +31 88 04 52 111

Eesti Norge
SIA Novartis Baltics Eesti filiaal Novartis Norge AS
Tel: +372 66 30 810 Tlf: +47 23 05 20 00

Ελλάδα Österreich
Novartis (Hellas) A.E.B.E. Novartis Pharma GmbH
Τηλ: +30 210 281 17 12 Tel: +43 1 86 6570

España Polska
Novartis Farmacéutica, S.A. Novartis Poland Sp. z o.o.
Tel: +34 93 306 42 00 Tel.: +48 22 375 4888

France Portugal
Novartis Pharma S.A.S. Novartis Farma - Produtos Farmacêuticos, S.A.
Tél: +33 1 55 47 66 00 Tel: +351 21 000 8600

Hrvatska România
Novartis Hrvatska d.o.o. Novartis Pharma Services Romania SRL
Tel: +385 1 6274 220 Tel: +40 21 31299 01

Ireland Slovenija
Novartis Ireland Limited Novartis Pharma Services Inc.
Tel: +353 1 260 12 55 Tel: +386 1 300 75 50

Ísland Slovenská republika
Vistor hf. Novartis Slovakia s.r.o.
Sími: +354 535 7000 Tel: +421 2 5542 5439

Italia Suomi/Finland
Novartis Farma S.p.A. Novartis Finland Oy
Tel: +39 02 96 54 1 Puh/Tel: +358 (0)10 6133 200

Κύπρος Sverige
Novartis Pharma Services Inc. Novartis Sverige AB
Τηλ: +357 22 690 690 Tel: +46 8 732 32 00

Latvija
SIA Novartis Baltics
Tel: +371 67 887 070

Other sources of information
More detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency, http://www.ema.europa.eu/