Nimaflyu

INSTRUCTIONS FOR MEDICAL USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT NIMAFLU (NIMAFLU)

Composition:

Active substances: paracetamol, pheniramine maleate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid;

One sachet contains: paracetamol 650 mg, pheniramine maleate 20 mg, phenylephrine hydrochloride 10 mg, ascorbic acid 50 mg;

Excipients: sugar powder, maltodextrin, pregelatinized starch, colloidal silicon dioxide, lemon flavor, sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid, sucrose, colorant yellow D&C No. 10 (E 104), colorant FD&C red No. 40 (E 129).

Pharmaceutical form. Oral soluble powder.

Main physicochemical properties: free-flowing granular white powder with specks of various shades of yellow and/or orange.

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Analgesics and antipyretics. Paracetamol combinations without psychotropic agents. ATC code N02BE51.

Pharmacological Properties

Pharmacodynamics

A combined medication for the treatment of flu and cold symptoms.

Paracetamol exerts analgesic, antipyretic, and weakly expressed anti-inflammatory effects, primarily mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system. It does not affect platelet function or hemostasis. The absence of peripheral prostaglandin suppression confers important properties to the drug, such as preservation of protective prostaglandins in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, paracetamol can be administered to patients for whom peripheral prostaglandin inhibition is undesirable (e.g., patients with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or elderly patients).

Phenylephrine hydrochloride is a sympathomimetic amine that primarily acts directly on alpha-adrenergic receptors. When used in therapeutic doses to relieve nasal congestion, the drug does not exhibit significant stimulatory effects on cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors or significant effects on the central nervous system. It is a well-established nasal decongestant and acts via vasoconstriction, reducing swelling and hyperemia of the nasal mucosa.

Pheniramine maleate is an H1-receptor blocker that exerts antiallergic effects, reducing the intensity of local exudative manifestations, tearing, rhinorrhea, and itching in the eyes and nose. Reduction of general allergic symptoms associated with respiratory tract diseases causes a moderate sedative effect. Pheniramine maleate also exerts antimuscarinic effects.

Ascorbic acid may be beneficial in compensating for the increased body demand for vitamin C during fever and influenza.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, paracetamol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Maximum plasma concentration is reached within 10–60 minutes.

Paracetamol is distributed to most body tissues. It crosses the placental barrier and is excreted in breast milk. When administered at usual therapeutic doses, paracetamol is only slightly bound to plasma proteins, although the degree of binding increases with rising concentration.

Paracetamol is primarily metabolized in the liver via two pathways: glucuronidation and sulfation. It is excreted in urine mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Less than 5% of the dose is excreted unchanged. The elimination half-life ranges from 1 to 3 hours.

Maximum plasma concentration of pheniramine maleate is achieved within 1–2.5 hours; the elimination half-life is 16–19 hours. 70–83% of the orally administered dose is excreted in urine unchanged or as metabolites.

Phenylephrine hydrochloride is unevenly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes presystemic metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the intestine and liver; thus, following oral administration, phenylephrine has reduced bioavailability. It is excreted in urine almost entirely as sulfate conjugate. Maximum plasma concentration occurs within 45 minutes to 2 hours, and the plasma elimination half-life is 2–3 hours.

Ascorbic acid is rapidly and completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to all body cells, with 25% bound to plasma proteins. Excess ascorbic acid is excreted in urine as metabolites.

Clinical Characteristics

Indications

For the treatment of symptoms of influenza and common cold, particularly fever and chills, headache, nasal discharge, nasal and sinus congestion, sneezing, and body aches.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug. Severe cardiovascular disorders, severe hepatic and/or renal dysfunction, congenital hyperbilirubinemia, arterial hypertension, acute pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, blood disorders (including severe anemia, leukopenia), thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, closed-angle glaucoma, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, severe forms of diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, prostate hypertrophy with urinary retention, bladder neck obstruction, pyloroduodenal obstruction, bronchial asthma, epilepsy, sleep disorders.

Do not use during treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 2 weeks after discontinuation of such therapy. Concomitant use with tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers, or other sympathomimetics is contraindicated.

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Interactions of each individual component of the drug are well known. There is no reason to assume that the use of these substances in combination would alter the drug interaction profile.

Paracetamol. With regular long-term use, paracetamol may enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin or other coumarin derivatives, increasing the risk of bleeding. This effect is not pronounced with occasional use.

Hepatotoxic drugs increase the likelihood of paracetamol accumulation and overdose. The risk of hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol increases in patients receiving drugs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes, such as barbiturates and antiepileptic agents (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine), and antituberculosis drugs rifampicin and isoniazid.

Paracetamol should be used with caution when administered concomitantly with flucloxacillin, as this combination has been associated with metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap due to pyroglutamic acidosis, particularly in patients with risk factors (see section "Special precautions").

Metoclopramide increases the absorption rate of paracetamol and leads to an increased maximum plasma concentration. Domperidone may similarly increase the rate of paracetamol absorption.

Paracetamol may prolong the elimination half-life of chloramphenicol.

Paracetamol may reduce the bioavailability of lamotrigine, decreasing its effect, likely due to induction of its hepatic metabolism.

Absorption of paracetamol may be reduced when administered concomitantly with cholestyramine, but the reduction in absorption is negligible if cholestyramine is administered 1 hour apart.

Regular use of paracetamol concomitantly with zidovudine may lead to neutropenia and increase the risk of liver injury.

Paracetamol reduces the efficacy of diuretics.

Probenecid affects paracetamol metabolism. Patients receiving probenecid concomitantly should have their paracetamol dose reduced.

Hepatotoxicity of paracetamol may be enhanced by chronic or excessive alcohol consumption.

Paracetamol may interfere with test results for serum uric acid when measured by the phosphotungstic acid method.

Pheniramine maleate. First-generation antihistamines such as pheniramine maleate may potentiate the central nervous system depressant effects of other drugs (e.g., MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, hypnotics and sedatives, neuroleptics, alcohol, antiparkinsonian agents, barbiturates, anesthetics, tranquilizers, and narcotic analgesics). Pheniramine enhances the anticholinergic effects of atropine, antispasmodics, other antihistamines, antiparkinsonian agents, and phenothiazine neuroleptics. Pheniramine maleate may also inhibit the action of anticoagulants.

Phenylephrine hydrochloride. The use of this drug is contraindicated during therapy with MAO inhibitors and within 2 weeks after discontinuation of MAOI treatment. Phenylephrine may potentiate the effects of MAO inhibitors and provoke a hypertensive crisis.

Concomitant use of phenylephrine with other sympathomimetic agents or tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) increases the risk of cardiovascular adverse reactions.

Phenylephrine may reduce the efficacy of beta-blockers and other antihypertensive agents (e.g., debrisoquin, guanethidine, reserpine, methyldopa), increasing the risk of arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular adverse reactions.

Concomitant use of phenylephrine with digoxin and cardiac glycosides may lead to cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac events.

Concomitant use of phenylephrine with ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, methysergide) increases the risk of ergotism.

Ascorbic acid enhances the absorption of penicillin and iron when administered orally, reduces the effectiveness of heparin and indirect anticoagulants, increases the risk of crystalluria during salicylate therapy, and increases the risk of glaucoma during glucocorticoid therapy. High doses reduce the effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants. Antidepressants, antiparkinsonian agents, antipsychotics, and phenothiazine derivatives increase the risk of urinary retention, dry mouth, and constipation. Ascorbic acid should be taken only 2 hours after deferoxamine injection, as their concomitant use increases iron toxicity, particularly in the myocardium. Prolonged use of high doses during disulfiram treatment inhibits the disulfiram–alcohol reaction.

Special precautions for use

The medicinal product should be used with caution in the following cases:

• Impaired renal and/or hepatic function;
• Acute hepatitis;
• Hemolytic anemia;
• Chronic malnutrition and dehydration;
• Cardiovascular diseases;
• Diabetes mellitus;
• Prostatic hypertrophy, as patients may be predisposed to urinary retention;
• Peptic ulcer with stenosis.

Since this medicinal product contains paracetamol, concomitant use of other medicinal products containing paracetamol should be avoided due to the risk of severe liver damage in case of overdose. Paracetamol overdose may lead to liver failure, which may require liver transplantation or result in death.

The medicinal product is not recommended to be used concomitantly with vasoconstrictors. Do not exceed the recommended doses.

Alcoholic beverages should be avoided during treatment, as ethanol taken concomitantly with paracetamol may cause liver function impairment. Paracetamol should be used with caution in patients with alcohol dependence, Raynaud's disease, heart diseases (particularly with arrhythmia or bradycardia), thyroid disorders, glaucoma, chronic lung diseases, patients taking hepatotoxic drugs, and elderly patients. Elderly patients with confusion should avoid taking this medicinal product. There is a known risk of premature closure of the fetal arterial duct associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy.

Cases of high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) due to 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) accumulation have been reported in patients with severe conditions such as severe renal insufficiency and sepsis, or in patients with malnutrition or other sources of glutathione deficiency (e.g., chronic alcoholism), who were treated with paracetamol at therapeutic doses over a prolonged period or in combination with flucloxacillin. If HAGMA due to pyroglutamic acidosis is suspected, immediate discontinuation of paracetamol and careful monitoring are recommended. Measurement of urinary 5-oxoproline levels may be helpful in identifying pyroglutamic acidosis as the underlying cause of HAGMA in patients with multiple risk factors.

Patients should consult a physician:

• If they have respiratory problems such as asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis;
• If symptoms persist for more than 5 days or are accompanied by high fever lasting more than 3 days, rash, or prolonged headache;
• Regarding the possibility of using the product in cases of impaired renal or hepatic function.

These symptoms may indicate a more serious underlying condition.

The product may affect laboratory test results for blood glucose levels.

The medicinal product contains phenylephrine, which may provoke angina attacks.

Cases of hepatic dysfunction/failure have been reported in patients with reduced glutathione levels, such as those suffering from severe malnutrition, anorexia, low body mass index, or chronic alcohol dependence.

The product should be used with caution in patients with recurrent uric acid kidney stones. In patients with severe infections such as sepsis, associated with reduced glutathione levels, the risk of metabolic acidosis increases during paracetamol use. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis include deep, rapid, or labored breathing, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Immediate medical attention should be sought if these symptoms occur.

Excipients

One sachet contains 20 g of sucrose, which should be taken into account in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients with rare hereditary conditions such as fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption, or sucrase-isomaltase deficiency should not take this product.

The medicinal product contains the colorants D&C Yellow No. 10 (E 104) and FD&C Red No. 40 (E 129), which may cause allergic reactions.

The product contains sodium. This should be taken into account by patients on a sodium-restricted diet.

Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding

The use of this medicinal product is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as its safety in these conditions has not been studied.

Pregnancy. Extensive data from pregnant women have not shown congenital or fetotoxic/neonatal toxicity of paracetamol, although epidemiological studies on the intrauterine development of the nervous system in children exposed to paracetamol are not sufficiently conclusive. If clinically necessary, paracetamol may be used during pregnancy at the lowest effective dose, for the shortest duration, and with the lowest frequency possible.

Currently, there are no adequate reproductive function studies or data on embryotoxicity/fetotoxicity with the use of pheniramine.

There are only limited data on the use of phenylephrine hydrochloride in pregnant women. Vasoconstriction of the uterus and reduced uterine blood flow associated with phenylephrine use may lead to fetal hypoxia.

Breastfeeding. Paracetamol is excreted in breast milk, but in amounts that are not clinically significant. Published data do not justify recommending discontinuation of breastfeeding during paracetamol therapy.

There is insufficient information on the excretion of pheniramine in breast milk and the amount that may reach the infant.

There are no data on whether phenylephrine passes into breast milk.

Ascorbic acid is excreted in breast milk but reaches saturation levels. The use of ascorbic acid is compatible with breastfeeding.

Effect on ability to drive vehicles or operate machinery

The medicinal product may cause drowsiness in some patients (particularly due to pheniramine), which may significantly impair the ability to drive or operate machinery. Caution should be exercised when driving vehicles or operating machinery requiring concentration.

Dosage and Administration

For oral use.

For adults and children aged 14 years and older, administer 1 sachet every 4–6 hours (to relieve symptoms), but not more than 3 sachets per day. The single dose must not exceed 1 sachet. The minimum interval between doses is 4 hours. It is not recommended to use the medicinal product for longer than 5 days without consulting a physician. The lowest effective dose for the shortest duration should be used.

The contents of 1 sachet should be dissolved in a glass of boiled hot water (but not boiling water) and taken warm.

Patients with hepatic impairment. Dose reduction or increased dosing interval is required for patients with impaired liver function.

Elderly patients. Dose adjustment in elderly patients is not necessary.

Children

Do not use in children under 14 years of age.

Overdose

In case of overdose, symptoms caused by paracetamol will be the most prominent.

Symptoms caused by paracetamol: hepatotoxic effect; in severe cases, liver necrosis may develop. Paracetamol overdose, particularly due to high total doses received over a prolonged period, may lead to nephropathy with irreversible liver function impairment.

Liver damage is possible in adults who have ingested 10 g or more of paracetamol, and in children who have ingested more than 150 mg/kg body weight. In patients with risk factors—chronic excessive ethanol consumption, glutathione depletion (digestive disorders, cystic fibrosis, HIV infection, cachexia)—ingestion of 5 g or more of paracetamol may lead to liver injury.

There is a risk of poisoning, especially in elderly patients, young children, patients with liver disease, chronic malnutrition, and in patients receiving hepatic enzyme inducers (long-term treatment with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin, St. John’s wort). In severe poisoning, hepatic failure may progress to encephalopathy, coma, and may be fatal.

With prolonged use of the drug in high doses, hematological disorders such as aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia may develop. With high-dose intake, central nervous system effects may include dizziness, psychomotor agitation, and disorientation; urinary system effects may include nephrotoxicity (renal colic, interstitial nephritis, capillary necrosis).

Symptoms of paracetamol overdose appearing within the first 24 hours include pallor, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The first sign of liver damage may be abdominal pain, which does not always appear within the first 24–48 hours but may develop later, within 4–6 days after drug administration. Liver injury typically occurs within 72–96 hours after drug intake. Abnormalities in glucose metabolism (hypoglycemia) and metabolic acidosis, as well as hemorrhages, may occur. Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis may develop even in the absence of severe liver injury, manifesting as severe back pain, hematuria, and proteinuria. Cases of cardiac arrhythmias and acute pancreatitis have been reported.

Treatment. In case of paracetamol overdose, immediate medical attention is required, even if no symptoms of overdose are apparent. N-acetylcysteine may be administered intravenously or orally as an antidote to paracetamol in the early phase. Gastric lavage and/or oral administration of methionine may be beneficial within at least 48 hours after overdose.

Administration of activated charcoal and monitoring of respiration and circulation may be helpful. In case of seizures, diazepam may be used.

Symptoms caused by pheniramine maleate and phenylephrine hydrochloride are due to the mutual potentiation of the anticholinergic effect of the antihistamine and the sympathomimetic effect of phenylephrine hydrochloride. These include, in particular, drowsiness, which may progress to excitement (especially in children) or central nervous system depression, visual disturbances, rash, nausea, vomiting, persistent headache, hyperhidrosis, nervousness, dizziness, tremor, insomnia, hyperreflexia, irritability, restlessness, circulatory disturbances, arterial hypertension, and bradycardia.

In severe cases of phenylephrine overdose, impaired consciousness, arrhythmias, coma, and seizures are possible.

Cases of atropine-like psychosis have been reported following pheniramine overdose. Atropine-like symptoms may include mydriasis, photophobia, dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, hyperthermia, and intestinal atony.

Symptoms of ascorbic acid overdose will be attributed to severe hepatic failure caused by paracetamol overdose.

Treatment. There is no specific antidote for antihistamine overdose. Standard emergency measures should be provided, including administration of activated charcoal, saline laxatives, and standard supportive measures for cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Stimulants must not be used; vasoconstrictors may be used to treat arterial hypotension.

To counteract hypertensive effects, an alpha-receptor blocker (phentolamine) may be administered intravenously, and in case of seizures, diazepam may be used.

Side effects

The adverse reactions listed below are categorized by frequency: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100, <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000, <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000, <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), frequency not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: very rare — thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, anemia including hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, sulfhemoglobinemia and methemoglobinemia (cyanosis, dyspnea, chest pain), bruising or bleeding.

Immune system disorders: rare — hypersensitivity, Quincke's edema; frequency not known — anaphylactic reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Psychiatric disorders: rare — nervousness, insomnia, confusion, psychomotor agitation and disorientation, anxiety, fear, irritability, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, depressive states.

Nervous system disorders: common — drowsiness; rare — dizziness, headache, paresthesia, tinnitus, tremor.

Eye disorders: rare — mydriasis, acute angle-closure glaucoma (more frequently in patients with glaucoma); frequency not known — accommodation disorders.

Cardiac disorders: rare — tachycardia, palpitations, arterial hypertension.

Endocrine disorders: rare — hypoglycemia, up to hypoglycemic coma.

Metabolism and nutrition disorders: frequency not known — metabolic acidosis with high anion gap.

Gastrointestinal disorders: common — nausea, vomiting; rare — dry mouth, constipation, abdominal pain and discomfort, diarrhea, heartburn, decreased appetite, hypersalivation.

Respiratory system disorders: very rare — bronchospasm in patients sensitive to acetylsalicylic acid and other NSAIDs.

Hepatobiliary disorders: rare — liver function abnormalities, increased levels of liver enzymes, usually without development of jaundice.

Renal and urinary disorders: rare — dysuria, nephrotoxicity, renal colic; very rare — urinary retention (more likely in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia).

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: rare — rash, pruritus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, eczema, purpura, allergic dermatitis.

General disorders: rare — general weakness, malaise.

In contrast to second-generation antihistamines, the use of pheniramine is not associated with QTc interval prolongation or cardiac arrhythmia.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Cases of metabolic acidosis with high anion gap as a result of pyroglutamic acidosis have been observed in patients with risk factors who used paracetamol (see section "Special precautions"). Pyroglutamic acidosis may occur due to low glutathione levels in these patients.

Reporting of adverse reactions

Reporting of adverse reactions after marketing authorization is of great importance. It allows continuous monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals, pharmacists, as well as patients or their legal representatives, should report all suspected adverse reactions and lack of efficacy of the medicinal product via the Automated Pharmacovigilance Information System at the following link: https://aisf.dec.gov.ua.

Shelf life. 3 years.

Storage conditions. Store in the original packaging at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C, in a place inaccessible to children.

Packaging. 10 sachets per cardboard box.

Availability classification. Over-the-counter.

Manufacturer. Vivimed Labs Ltd.

Manufacturer's address and place of business

D-125 and 128, Phase-III, IDA, Jeedimetla, Medchal-Malkajgiri District – 500055, Telangana State, India.